Which statement is incorrect?
a. Juxtamedullary nephrons establish a vertical osmotic gradient in the medulla.
b. NaCl pumps of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle can establish a 1,200 mOsm/liter difference between ascending and descending limbs at any given location.
c. Countercurrent exchange allows the vasa recta to preserve the vertical osmotic gradient while supplying blood to the medullary tissue.
d. Collecting tubules of all nephrons utilize the driving force of the vertical osmotic gradient to accomplish variable H2O reabsorption under the control of vasopressin.
e. The filtrate is isotonic as it enters the loop of Henle, hypertonic at the tip of the loop of Henle, and hypotonic as it leaves the loop of Henle.
B
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Microorganisms inhaled into the airways are most likely to be destroyed by:
A. antibodies in respiratory mucus.
B. the cilia whipping them to death.
C. digestion by gastric juice.
D. surfactant.
A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________.
A) the membrane potential has been reestablished B) the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell C) proteins have been resynthesized D) all sodium gates are closed
The thumb is more appropriately called the ________.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Papillary ducts empty into:
a. collecting ducts b. a minor caylx c. the renal pelvis d. the renal sinus