In vertebrates, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
a. can act as a direct neurotransmitter between neurons and muscle cells.
b. can make it more difficult for some postsynaptic membranes to reach threshold.
c. can be released into circulation and act as a hormone.
d. can act as a pain reducer and initiate euphoria.
e. a and b only
E
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It is accurate to say that neural transmission across nearly all mammalian synaptic clefts is the result of
A. neural impulses involving the flow of K+ and Na+ across the cleft. B. neural impulses traveling across the gap as electrical currents. C. neural impulses causing the release of chemicals that diffuse across the cleft. D. neural impulses traveling across the cleft in both directions. E. the calcium within the axons and dendrites of nerves adjacent to a synapse acting as the neurotransmitter.
Meiosis that produces microspores is indicated
by a. A. b. B. c. C. d. D. e. E.
Climate diagrams are valuable because they show
A) seasonal variation in temperature and precipitation. B) abundance of dominant vegetation. C) diversity of plant species present. D) variation in carbon availability.
Digestion of starches begins in the:a
mouth. b. stomach. c. duodenum. d. jejunum. e. large intestine.