The nurse is caring for a patient who has chronic left-sided heart failure. Which statement would the nurse expect in the physician's written report following cardiac catheterization?
1. "Pressures in the left ventricle and atrium are increased.".
2. "Pressures in the left ventricle and atrium are equal.".
3. "Pressures in the right ventricle and atrium match the left ventricular pressures.".
4. "Pressures in the right ventricle exceed those in the left ventricle.".
1
Rationale 1: As the heart loses its ability to eject blood effectively from the left ventricle upon contraction, blood is retained in the left ventricle after systole and the chamber pressure rises due to the added blood volume.
Rationale 2: Pressures in the atria and ventricles are not equal. Ventricular pressures are higher.
Rationale 3: This patient is in left-sided heart failure, so pressure is higher in the left side of the heart.
Rationale 4: Pressures are higher on the left side.
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