Spina bifida is a disorder that is associated with a headache syndrome caused by:
A. Chiari malformation
B. Normal pressure hydrocephalus
C. Meningioma
D. Temporal arteritis
ANS: A
Chiari malformations are brainstem malformations. There are three types of Chiari malfunction. Chiari type I is most often associated with occipital headaches and generally seen in the adult population but can be diagnosed at any age. Type I symptoms may be very vague and transient, and it is often misdiagnosed as another neurological disease. Type II is generally diagnosed in infants or children and is associated with myelomeningocele or other open neural tube defects or in adults with undiagnosed spina bifida occulta or tethered cord. Type III malformation is rare, diagnosed in infants, associated with cervical myelomeningocele or pseudomeningocele, and carries a very poor prognosis.
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