Shared environments:
A) are argued to be higher for fraternal twins than identical twins
B) are argued to be more important than nonshared environment
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b
D) neither a nor b
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The Hawthorne effect is an example of
a. experimenter effects. b. demand characteristics. c. experimenter bias. d. ceiling effects.
_____ is the extent to which the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than to some extraneous variable
a. Confounding b. Internal validity c. Regression to the mean d. External validity
You must use degree of freedom in calculation of sample standard deviation to correct for the fact that ______.
A. the sample will always contribute fewer scores than the population B. the sample is never going to be representative of the population C. the variance will be bigger as the sample size increases D. the sample is always going to be bigger than the population
Darwin believed that emotional expressions began as ________ that came to have evolutionary value because they ________
a. physiological reactions; convey emotional states to other members of the species b. physiological reactions; increased the efficiency of bodily reactions c. communication devices; increased the efficiency of bodily reactions d. random mutations; convey expectations to other members of the species