A nurse is teaching a group of nursing students about the differences between pure opioid agonists and agonist-antagonist opioids. Which statement by a student indicates understanding of the teaching?
a. "Agonist-antagonist opioids act as agon-ists at mu receptors only."
b. "Agonist-antagonist opioids are effective for treating cancer pain."
c. "Agonist-antagonist opioids enhance the effects of pure agonists."
d. "Pure agonists act as agonists at both mu receptors and kappa receptors."
D
Pure agonists are agonists at mu and kappa receptors. Agonist-antagonist opioids are agonists at kappa, not mu, receptors. At mu receptors, agonist-antagonists act as antagonists. Agon-ist-antagonists are not recommended for treating cancer pain; because of their antagonist effect, they block access of the pure agonists to mu receptors and thus block their actions.
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Which remark by the nurse would be an appropriate way to begin an interview session?
a. "How shall we start today?" b. "Shall we talk about losing your privileges yesterday?" c. "Let's get started discussing your marital relationship." d. "What happened when your family visited yesterday?"
Which of the following is the correct rationale for monitoring peripheral oxygenation saturation in the client with encephalitis?
A. It will prevent increased intracranial pressure. B. It will prevent permanent neurologic disabilities. C. It will alert the clinician to hypoxia and possible secondary brain damage. D. It will prevent inadequate amounts of oxygen in the circulating blood from caus-ing brain hypoxia.
Mr. P has been on renal replacement therapy for five years. Over that time his nutritional status has declined, and he has lost almost 40 pounds. He also has had some muscle wasting. The term used to describe this problem in dialysis clients is:
1. Protein-energy wasting. 2. Fat catabolism. 3. Metabolic acidosis. 4. Dry weight loss.
A patient is demonstrating poor exhalation. Which health problem is this patient at risk for developing?
A. Increased carbon dioxide levels B. Reduced oxygen capacity of red blood cells C. Pleurisy D. Pulmonary edema