A problem that arises when the direction of causality between two factors can be in either direction is called ______.
A. reverse causality
B. the file drawer problem
C. restriction of range
D. covariance
Answer: A
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Operational definitions of concepts are important because they:
a. provide an objective and reliable basis for communication among scientists. b. are equivalent in many respects to conceptual replication schemes. c. allow the scientist to accumulate hard and absolute facts. d. provide a key operation for our data and facts.
Cialdini and his colleagues (1976) counted the number of college insignia T-shirts worn by university students on the Monday after their teams played football
These researchers found that students were more likely to wear such shirts after victories than after losses. These findings suggest that a. in-group identification is a source pride and self-esteem. b. minimal categorization can have effects on competition. c. in-groups can provide support after setbacks. d. the establishment of in-group bias can contribute to intergroup conflict.
The first standardized battery of performance tests was the
A) Arthur Point Scale of Performance Tests. B) Wechsler-Bellevue Performance Scale. C) Leiter International Performance Scale. D) Pintner-Paterson Scale of Performance Tests.
In a study of nearly two thousand Hispanic parents and their seventh- to eleventh-grade children, mothers ________.
A. more often gave girls specific recommendations for birth control methods B. were more likely to warn boys about the health consequences of having sex C. were more likely to remind boys about the importance of adhering to Hispanic cultural practices D. provided more permissive messages to boys and more prohibitive messages to girls