Explain how a vaccine is effective in preventing a disease from occurring. Include the different functions of plasma and memory B cells
What will be an ideal response?
Vaccination involves injecting a person with an antigen from a disease agent. This can be in the form of isolated proteins, dead cells or virus, or agents that are weakened but not killed. The immune system become sensitized to the antigen and the plasma B cells that can make the correct antibody are selected, divide, and begin to make antibodies against it. The person sets aside memory B cells that can make the antibody as well, and these will respond to infection by the disease agent by producing antibodies much more rapidly than they would have been able to do if the infection constituted their first exposure. Often it may take a series of vaccinations and continuing booster shots to achieve a protective level of immunity and maintain it.
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There is a phenomenon called parental leakage, in which a small amount of the mitochondrial DNA from the father is found in the offspring
If parental leakage is assumed to have occurred throughout human history, how does it change our interpretation of Matthias Krings and Svante Päabo's studies of mitochondrial DNA in specimens of Neanderthals and modern humans? A. If the paternal mitochondrial DNA did show up in the offspring alongside maternal mitochondrial DNA, these would have immediately indicated that the two groups interbred. B. The results would have been exactly the same because researchers were looking at only female modern humans in this study. C. Mitochondrial DNA coming from the father would negate all of the advantages of using mtDNA as the source for genetic information in the first place, so the whole study would be useless. D. The results would have been exactly the same because researchers were looking at only modern humans that were males for this study. This means it wouldn't have mattered if paternal leakage occurred or not.
What evolutionary force is definitely not responsible for generating the obvious differences between races?
A. genetic drift B. natural selection C. sexual selection D. gene flow
The food supply of a population is one example of its ____
a. carrying capacity b. limiting factors c. immigration controls d. density-limiting controls e. density-independent controls
What is the best method to ensure that the compound light microscope used is setup to provide the best sample illumination?
A. Make sure that the condenser is in focus B. Perform Kohler illumination C. Use the oil immersion objective D. Adjust the illumination E. Open the Iris diaphragm midway