How is a gradient of H+ ions formed across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
A. ATP synthase generates a H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
B. Electrons move from NADH to a chain of proteins with lower electronegativities.
C. The electron transport chain uses ATP to pump H+ across the inner mitochondria membrane against its electrochemical gradient.
D. The electron transport chain uses energy from transfer of an electron donated by NADH to pump H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane against its electrochemical gradient.
E. The electron transport chain of proteins contains pores that are leaky to H+.
Answer: D
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