Maria Elena conducted a study of depressive symptoms and self-esteem. She found that people who were low in self-esteem were more likely to suffer from depression. She would like to argue that low self-esteem contributes to depression. What prevents her from being able to make a strong claim of this sort?
A) the person confound problem
B) the multi-causality problem
C) the concurrent measurement problem
D) all of these prevent her from making a strong claim
A
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Take the issue of stealing. The point of view of society as a whole is that if some people get away with stealing, then others may be tempted to steal also, and chaos can result. What concept does this best illustrate?
a. Reinforcement theory b. The social allergy effect c. The bad apple effect d. The propinquity effect
When anxious, Andy tends to smoke, Gayle bites her nails, and Jason overeats. According to Freud, all of these people were most likely fixated during the __________ stage
a. anal b. oral c. phallic d. latency
The term used to describe responses made by a person in the presence of an original stimulus which come to be made in the presence of other stimuli that resemble the original one is:
a. resemblance conditioning b. response and instinct conditioning c. spontaneous recovery d. stimulus generalization
In the context of validity, which of the following refers to what a measure should not correlate with?
A. Predictive validity B. Convergent validity C. Discriminant validity D. Face validity