In an ex post facto study, a researcher investigated the effect of academic self-concept on school achievement. He concluded that a more positive self-concept leads to higher achievement in school. Label the following plausible alternative hypotheses as common cause, reverse causality, or other independent variables may be operating. Another variable such as academic aptitude results in both a
positive academic self-concept and high achievement in school.
a. common cause
b. reverse causality
c. other independent variables may be operating
A
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