Describe the general eukaryotic growth factor signal transduction pathway
What will be an ideal response?
Ans: A growth factor binds to its receptor at the surface of a cell, causing the dimerization of the receptor. The receptor recruits the exchange factor SOS, which activates RAS. The activated RAS recruits RAF, which is then activated and results in a cascade of phosphorylation of transcription factors that allows the cell to enter the S phase.
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What advantage do proteorhodopsin-containing organisms have over other heterotrophic microbes in the open ocean?
What will be an ideal response?
Electrons move between PSII and PSI via __________
A. cytochrome b6f B. water C. chlorophyll D. NADP+ E. NADPH
Placing celery sticks in fresh water will make them more turgid and harder. This is because
A. the celery is hypotonic to fresh water. B. the celery is hypertonic to fresh water. C. the celery is isotonic to fresh water. D. water moves from the celery sticks into fresh water. E. salt moves from the water into the celery sticks.
One of the main problems associated with treating human diseases through gene therapy is
A) finding human cells that could potentially be genetically engineered. B) the inability to clone human cells. C) finding a delivery system that would target specific cell types. D) finding the correct form of the gene to be delivered. E) determining a disorder that could be cured through gene therapy.