Select the letter of the correctly spelled word in each pair
______
A) received B) recieved
A
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Il mio amico (ricevere) ____________________ una cartolina postale.
Scrivete il verbo al futuro. (15 pts – 1 each) (Write the correct form of the verb in the future tense.)
You are to read the selections below on the Enneagram, a psychological system that is primarily concerned with personality types. Then choose a task to complete from Option A, Option B, or Option C. OPTION A: Write a brief summary of the article. OPTION B: Outline the article. OPTION C: Map the article below in a way other than the nine-pointed circle, including the main characteristics of each type. Be as creative as you like.
The word ennea is Greek for “nine,” and the Enneagram is a nine-pointed figure that has its roots in Pythagorean theory (see Figure 1). It reveals to individuals information about unconscious patterns, habitual preoccupations, underlying fears, and misused strengths. What sets the Enneagram apart from other personality systems is that it contains such detailed, useful information about what drives us to behave as we do. It’s valuable not just for those seeking to understand themselves but also as a source of insight into one’s friends and family, colleagues, and even enemies. The Enneagram was first adapted to understanding personality types by a Bolivian psychiatrist named Oscar Ichazo in the early 1950s. As David Daniels, psychiatrist, states it: “Embedded in each type is our basic belief about the world and how we live in it. In addition, the Enneagram shows us the aspect of our underlying essence and the corresponding path of healing. If you are fully developed, you can incorporate all nine types rather than skewing toward just one.” Through realizing the type that we are, the Enneagram exposes our fixations—fixations which drive our personalities. For example, being a Six, an individual’s fixations are fear and doubt. Recognizing this, the individual can open the door to healthier states of mind (such as, courage and faith, the “higher opposites”). “The work of the type is to stop being that type,” says Ichazo. “The fixation is dissolved by obtaining an understanding of the other eight positions.” — Schwartz, 1995, p. 10 FIGURE 1 The Peacemaker 9 THE ENNEAGRAM —Riso, 1990, p. 24 The following types are adapted from Helen Palmer’s book, The Enneagram, and James Wall’s article, “By the Numbers.” POINT ONE: “THE REFORMER/THE PERFECTIONIST” When young, Ones learned to monitor themselves to avoid making mistakes; they had to be correct in the eyes of others, and earned love by being perfect. They worry about getting it right; focus on “should” and “must.” For this reason, they tend to deny themselves pleasure. They are usually driven by anger, but deny it or are not consciously aware of it; Ones are disappointed in others who make mistakes. Motivated by anger which is internalized, they express it by constantly criticizing and correcting the imperfections in others. Ones do, however, truly appreciate a job well done. Ask a POINT ONE to give a one-word description of him/herself and s/he will likely say that s/he is “hard-working and that life is difficult.” POINT TWO: “THE HELPER/THE GIVER” Twos have a marked need to be liked and earn love by being helpful. When young, they learned that survival depends on others’ approval, so relationships weigh heavily in their lives. Twos need affection and avoid rejection at all costs. They manage others’ lives, support and please intimates. They adapt their feelings to suit others, which ensures them of popularity. On the dark side, this giving is geared to getting something in return. They feel good being the assistant. Motivated by anxiety and responds to the “heart” as opposed to the “head” or the instinctive “gut.” What does a POINT TWO feel about him/herself? “I am helpful.” POINT THREE: “THE MOTIVATOR/THE PERFORMER” When young, Threes were given accolades because of their achievements; instead of being asked how they felt about their day, Threes were asked how well they had done that day. This is the success category. Threes earn love through achievement and image, and they become extremely depressed when facing a loss. They believe that status guarantees love. Therefore, work is all, and Threes find retirement especially difficult. Says, “I am what I do.” Persona becomes reality. Driven by a deep sense of anxiety to avoid failure, Threes handle anxiety by denying its presence. Men in this category like to be thought of as totally masculine; women like to be seen as completely feminine. A THREE’S motto is: “I am what I do.” POINT FOUR: “THE ARTIST/THE ROMANTIC” The underlying theme of childhood for a Four is loss; they were abandoned by someone important early in life. Another theme is having been born into a grieving family, in which the child was valued for identifying with a close adult’s misery. This is the artistic category, and the Four looks for love at a distance. Fours feel special, the possessor of special talent. They usually long for what is unavailable, far away and hard to get. Fours possess a sensitivity to others in pain and crisis. Motto for a FOUR: “Others have what I am missing.” POINT FIVE: “THE THINKER/THE OBSERVER” This is the scholar, the thinker, who always needs to withdraw to discover more information. Fives like a protected work environment, preferring to work alone. They employ carefully planned agendas. Always looking for knowledge, a Five observes life but doesn’t commit to spiritual or intimate connection. Fives worry that they do not know enough to gain acceptance and love from others. Removed from the pain of life by viewing the world from the head, not the heart, the POINT FIVE’s motto is: “I am knowing.” POINT SIX: “THE LOYALIST/THE TROOPER” During childhood and adolescence, Sixes lost faith in authority—they remember being at a loss when needing to act on their own behalf because an authority figure loomed overhead. Sixes generally are rebellious by nature. Mistrusting authority, Sixes are insecure and need reassurance constantly. They often end up in middle management and identify with the underdog. Constantly on the lookout for causes and protectors to whom they can be loyal. Ask a POINT SIX about him/herself, and the answer might be: “I am loyal when the cause is right.” POINT SEVEN: “THE GENERALIST/THE EPICURE” When faced with fear, Sevens look not at all concerned. They move toward people in an attempt to charm and disarm with pleasantry. Early in life, Sevens were faced with a frightening occurrence. Therefore, they diffuse their fear by escaping into the limitless possibilities of imagination. Sevens enjoy the initial attraction in love and are drawn to pleasure. Always looking for new adventures, Sevens are often fearful of commitment to a single course of action. To avoid deep or painful feelings, they talk, plan and intellectualize. Talking his or her way out of trouble, a POINT SEVEN’S motto is: “I am nice.” POINT EIGHT: “THE LEADER/THE BOSS” This is the champion. Young Eights find themselves in combative situations where the strong are respected and the weak are not. Hence, Eights find love through protection and power. They gravitate to positions of authority and control. Eights tend to deny dependency and avoid softer emotions. They know they have the truth and don’t want to hear what others have to say. The world is an all-or-nothing arena; there is no middle ground. Rather than being cowed by conflict, Eights find their identity as enforcers of justice—people are either fair or unfair. A POINT EIGHT’S motto? “I am powerful.” POINT NINE: “THE PEACEMAKER/THE MEDIATOR” As children, Nines felt overlooked and consequently formed the habit of discounting their own essential needs. Common to Nines is the feeling of not being heard when voicing an opinion. In addition, Nines realized that showing anger directly did not help. So, Nines are negotiators, always trying to keep the peace. Nines are excellent fence-sitters. By adopting many points of view, they avoid commitment to any one of them. Procrastination is a purposeful habit. Recognizes what is important in others’ lives, but has difficulty forming personal position. What would a POINT NINE say? “Don’t worry about me; I am okay.” Palmer believes that people are attracted to this modeling method in part because the Enneagram links personality type to specific aspects of what she terms the human essence, rather than to the accidental elements of personality. Though everyone shares characteristics of all nine types, the principle of the system is that one type dominates in each of us, shaping how we view the world and how we relate to others. The value of identifying ourselves on the circle is that once we know ourselves, we are on the road to rising above our limitations. Further, once we recognize the type occupied by others, we might find that it becomes easier to accept others for what they are.
According to civil rights lawyer Connie Rice, quoted in paragraph 12, what is meant by "excessive force culture"?
a. the tendency for criminals to believe that violence toward police officers is justified b. the tendency for Los Angeles police officers to believe that the excessive use of force is justified even when a civilian's action is relatively minor c. the tendency for our culture to condone violence in daily life d. the tendency for people to follow police officers on duty in order to catch them in acts of excessive force
Match the correct word to fill each blank according to the context.
Es cierto que los drogadictos ayuda y amor de su familia y sus amigos. a. posible b. ayuden c. diga d. necesitan e. segura