Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976) conducted a study to determine whether invasions of personal space are physiologically and psychologically arousing. The researchers closed off certain urinals in a men's restroom so that unsuspecting participants were forced to use either a urinal next to a male confederate or a urinal that was farther away from the confederate. A researcher hidden in a toilet stall observed the participants using a periscope and recorded how long it took participants to start and stop urinating. Are there any ethical issues that should be raised concerning the research described? If so, what?
What will be an ideal response?
Ans: Yes. Ethical violations include that the researchers did not ask the participants or consent to participate in the study. This could be considered a form of deception since the participants were unaware of their participation. The participants also lacked privacy since their genitals were fully exposed to the hidden researcher with the periscope. Lastly, since deception was involved, debrief is required. However, there is no record of a debrief of the participants.
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