Discuss the two basic types of vaccines.
What will be an ideal response?
There are two basic types of vaccines: those that contain live organisms and those that contain inactivated portions of an organism. The terms inoculation and vaccination generally refer to the procedure of administering the substance that will stimulate the immune response while immunization technically refers to stimulation of the immune system. In practicality and for the purposes of this discussion, all three terms are used interchangeably.
With live, attenuated vaccines, the wild type organism, or an organism that occurs in nature and causes disease, is modified such that it is still a live organism but is no longer capable of producing significant disease in the host, although a milder case of the original wild type infection may still occur. This weakened organism is still able to replicate and must replicate to provoke an immune response. The immune response that occurs is similar to what would occur with the natural organism infecting a host and thus, most live vaccines only require one dose to stimulate a response. A small number of persons may not respond to the first dose and for this reason, a second dose of a live virus vaccine is often recommended to produce a higher level of immunity in the community. Examples of live virus vaccines include the mumps-measles-rubella (MMR), chickenpox (varicella), nasal influenza, and bacilli-Calmette-Guerin (BCG).
Inactivated vaccines are made by inactivating the organism with heat or chemicals. The active ingredient used in the vaccine is what is known to elicit the desired immune response and may consist of the whole cell of the organism, a piece of the organism, the bacterial toxin rendered harmless, or genetically engineered antigens. These vaccines are generally not as effective as live vaccines and multiple doses are required. Antibodies against the specific antigen wane over time and therefore, booster doses may be required at periodic intervals.
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