Describe the events of the acute inflammatory response and their effect on a site of infection. Include the cells and chemicals involved
What will be an ideal response?
The events of the acute inflammatory response are vasodilation and increased permeability of the capillaries. Vasodilation is triggered when damaged cells release histamines and bradykinin is produced during blood clot formation. The vasodilation permits increased blood flow into the area of infection, which brings more blood components (molecular and cellular) to the area and also causes the area to become red and warmer. The increased permeability allows the blood components to enter the tissue more readily. Increased plasma flow results in swelling (edema) and also increases the content of complement factors in the tissue. The increased fluid flow into the tissue creates a pressure barrier that can slow the spread of microbes. The complement cascade triggered by the presence of bacteria releases chemotactic factors. Leukocytes entering the area of inflammation marginate and diapedese in response to chemotactic factors (produced by the complement cascade and by damaged cells). These events result in a concentration of defensive factors at a site of infection and some containment of microbes in an effort to defeat the invading microbes.
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
Section: The Body's Second Line of Defense
Learning Outcome: 15.18
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Suppose you are studying the nitrogen cycling in a pond ecosystem over the course of a month. While you are collecting data, a flock of one hundred Canada geese lands and spends the night during a fall migration
What could you do to eliminate error in your study as a result of this event? A) Find out how much nitrogen is consumed in plant material by a Canada goose over about a twelve-hour period, multiply this number by 100, and add that amount to the total nitrogen in the ecosystem. B) Find out how much nitrogen is eliminated by a Canada goose over about a twelve-hour period, multiply this number by 100, and subtract that amount from the total nitrogen in the ecosystem. C) Find out how much nitrogen is consumed and eliminated by a Canada goose over about a twelve-hour period and multiply this number by 100; enter this +/- value into the nitrogen budget of the ecosystem. D) Do nothing. The Canada geese visitation to the lake would have negligible impact on the nitrogen budget of the pond. E) Put a net over the pond so that no more migrating flocks can land on the pond and alter the nitrogen balance of the pond.
A microbial guild contains populations of
a. cells that coordinate physiologies to catabolize recalcitrant compounds. b. cells that exploit the same resource in a similar manner. c. phylogenetically related cells expressing different metabolic pathways. d. syntrophic cells.
Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F)
1. Most transcription factors active in early development are morphogens. 2. Adult stem cells are always unipotent. 3. The shoot meristem is totipotent. 4. A cell's fate is determined while the cell is differentiating. 5. The molecular structure of invertebrate homeotic genes differs significantly from that of mammals.
Which of the following is NOT an active form of an
enzyme? a. trypsin b. amylase c. pepsin d. pepsinogen e. chymotrypsin