List and describe the various mechanisms for treating pain.
What will be an ideal response?
1. Local anesthetics, which are applied to or injected into the painful area, block sodium channels in the pain neurons, reducing their ability to fire. 2. General anesthetics, which are either injected or inhaled, cause unconsciousness in the individual and work in the central nervous system. Some of the known mechanisms include affecting the functional of several proteins. 3. Over-the-counter drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen block inflammatory enzymes that produce prostaglandins, thus reducing swelling and peripheral pain. Another drug, acetaminophen, shows its major effects in the CNS. 4. The MDAN group of drugs targets the mu opioid receptor while blocking the delta opioid receptor. 5. An antibody for nerve growth factor called Tanezumab has also been effective in clinical trials. 6. An experimental drug blocks TRPV1 receptor and modestly reduces pain of bone cancer, also showing greater effectiveness when combined with morphine. 7. Gene therapy, which uses a gene that increases endorphin production. 8. Stimulation-induced pain relief such as physical stress, acupuncture, and vaginal stimulation (in a rat model), all of which seem to increase endorphin release. 9. Hypnosis.
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Mead (1978) describes prefigurative cultures as a culture that is changing so rapidly that young people may be the ones to teach adults
a) True b) False
Derek has complained that he is "down in the dumps." Which of the following is Derek most likely to suffer from?
A. dysthymic disorder B. major depressive disorder C. bipolar I disorder D. somatization disorder
Research has found that a. the positive impacts of a vacation can be eliminated by the workload created by the vacation
b. participation in leisure activities tend to weaken family attachments. c. there is a negative correlation between frequency of leisure activities and social acceptance. d. the more extreme leisure activity a spouse chooses, the less likelihood of it creating family conflict.
Several years ago, Mark was arrested for participating in a crime. Since then, he has been confined to a mental hospital, even though he was given a prison sentence. Mark is periodically evaluated to see if he is still mentally ill. If it is determined that he is no longer mentally ill, Mark will then be incarcerated to serve out his prison sentence. From your knowledge of mental health and the
law, you would correctly state that Mark was originally found a. guilty b. GBMI. c. NGRI. d. incompetent to stand trial.