The independent variable in the research question, "What is the effect of noise levels on postoperative pain and blood pressure fluctuations in ICU patients?" is which of the following?
A) Blood pressure
B) ICU patients
C) Noise levels
D) Postoperative pain
C
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The dependent (or outcome) variable is the behavior, characteristic, or outcome the researcher is interested in explaining, predicting, or affecting (the "O" in the PICO scheme). Postoperative pain, blood pressure, and being a patient in the ICU are the dependent variables. The independent variable is the presumed cause of or influence on the dependent variables. The independent variable is noise levels. The independent variable corresponds to the "I" and the "C" components in the PICO scheme.
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