Which is(are) potential result(s) of end-organ damage from chronic hypertension? (Select all that apply.)
a. Carotid stenosis
b. Diabetes mellitus
c. Renal insufficiency
d. Coronary artery disease
e. Isolated systolic hypertension
f. Familial hypercholesterolemia
A, C, D
Carotid stenosis refers to the occlusion of the carotid artery from atherosclerotic plaque and can be a result of chronic hypertension. Older adults with carotid stenosis are at high risk for strokes because of the risk of a thromboembolic event from the plaque. Renal dysfunction can occur as a result of chronic hypertension; the intimal lining of the renal arteries is damaged over time, which leads to renal artery stenosis and decreased renal perfusion. Coronary artery disease is a common result of chronic hypertension.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is not a result of end-organ damage from chronic hypertension; however, when it accompanies hypertension, DM accelerates the process of end-organ damage and greatly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Isolated systolic hypertension is a com-mon consequence of aging but not a result of end-organ damage. Genetic factors determine fa-milial hypercholesterolemia and cannot be caused by end-organ damage.
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