While taking the history of a female client complaining of irregular, very painful bleeding occurring after menopause, the health care provider is alert to which of the following high-risk indicators of ovarian cancer?
A) Never had any children
B) Lactation history
C) Mammary duct ectasia
D) Oral contraceptive use for many years
Ans: A
Feedback:
A family history of cancer, particularly breast and ovarian cancer, and nulliparity (not been pregnant) increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer, whereas oral contraceptive use, pregnancy, and lactation decrease the risk. There are no effective screening methods for ovarian cancer, and most cancers of the ovary produce no symptoms. Ductal ectasia manifests in older women as a spontaneous, intermittent, usually unilateral, grayish green nipple discharge.
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