In a medical emergency, when an individual has stopped breathing on their own, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation can be administered while waiting for the arrival of EMTs, in order to increase that individual’s odds of survival. In order to perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, air from a conscious individual’s lungs is forced into the lungs of the unconscious individual. What effect does this have?
a. Forcing air into the unconscious individual’s lungs triggers the sympathetic breathing reflex, whereby the lungs ”remember” to start breathing again.
b. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation prevents the unconscious individual from exhaling their residual volume, which would cause the lungs to collapse and lead to inevitable death.
c. Some residual oxygen from the conscious individual’s lungs diffuses into the unconscious individual’s blood, and the increased pressure forces some CO2 saturated air out of their lungs.
d. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation keeps the alveoli of the lungs moist and warm, allowing the lungs to continue exchanging gases with the atmosphere on a passive but adequate level.
c. Some residual oxygen from the conscious individual’s lungs diffuses into the unconscious individual’s blood, and the increased pressure forces some CO2 saturated air out of their lungs.
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Shown below is a map of five genes, E, L, V, I, and S, on a chromosome. The map units between each gene are shown. Which of the following pairs would have the highest frequency of recombination?
E----5----L-2-V-------10-------I--------------20---------------S A. I and S B. V and I C. E and L D. L and V E. L and S
Which of the following is NOT an example of macroevolution?
A. One species of birds evolves feathers. B. One species of birds evolves into many species of birds. C. One species of dinosaurs evolves into the first mammal. D. One species of mammals evolves into a new species of mammal. E. All answers are correct.
Protein X contains four transmembrane domains, a short N-terminus and a long C-terminus. Following protein synthesis, the N-terminus of the protein faces the lumen (the inside) of the ER. After protein X is transported to the cell surface via exocytosis, you would expect the N-terminus of protein X to be
A. extracellular. B. cytoplasmic. C. in the lumen. D. in the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.
Top-down factors that can control the population sizes of plants or animals include which of the following factors? Select all that apply.
A. levels of primary producers in the ocean B. nutrient-poor soil C. healthy populations of secondary carnivores D. the density of herbivores E. the presence of a fungal pathogen F. an extended period of drought