To establish itself in a host, a microbe must:

a. survive immune system defenses
b. utilize a portal of entry
c. be able to adhere to host tissue
d. damage and destroy host tissue
e. produce toxins and exoenzymes


a. survive immune system defenses
b. utilize a portal of entry
c. be able to adhere to host tissue

Biology & Microbiology

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Define a species cluster and provide examples

What will be an ideal response?

Biology & Microbiology

Character changes in molecular sequences are generated by

a. insertions. b. deletions. c. substitutions. d. base pairing. e. insertions, deletions, and substitutions.

Biology & Microbiology

Which hormone is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics in females?

a. estrogen only b. progesterone only c. estrogen and progesterone d. oxytocin

Biology & Microbiology

The fact that every organism continuously exchanges chemicals and energy with its surroundings indicates that organisms ________

A) are open systems B) are closed systems C) have tightly controlled thermoregulation D) osmoregulate

Biology & Microbiology