What did Tonry (2011) identify as a major precipitator of the severity of modern criminal justice policies and the unfair burdens they place on black Americans?

a. Jim Crow Laws
b. Southern Policy laws
c. Southern Strategy
d. Black Laws


c. Southern Strategy

Criminal Justice

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The ________ Hypothesis is an extension of the subculture of violence thesis that attempts to explain the distribution of homicide rates

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

Criminal Justice

___ is the prejudice based solely on someone’s sex.

a. Institutional classism b. Individual classism c. Institutional racism d. Individual sexism

Criminal Justice

Social media is used by police to conduct background investigations of police applicants along with an array of other practical and administrative uses

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

Criminal Justice

Justice means

A. equality of substantive treatment B. equality before the law C. equality of opportunity D. all of the above

Criminal Justice