Much of the current research in criminal justice and criminology focuses upon which of the following?
a. basic building blocks of a concept
b. a concept's theoretical counterpart
c. a systematic explanation of the observed facts and laws that relate to a particular aspect of life
d. a principle or law
c
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Which stage of probation revocation proceedings provides the offender an opportunity to refute the evidence provided?
a. Preliminary hearing b. Hearing stage c. Arraignment d. Sentencing stage
According to labeling theory, the criminal justice system sometimes invokes reintegrative forms of shaming and other times invokes disintegrative forms of shaming
a. TRUE b. FALSE
English trends and practices greatly influenced American corrections.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
Most police agencies today rely on ________ as one of the most common strategies used to respond to crime in hot spots, or in those areas that receive a high volume of calls for service.
A. buy-and-bust stings B. black operations C. directed patrol D. covert operations