External validity refers to which of these issues?
a. The relationship existing between the independent variable and the study outcomes
b. The influence of a specific event on the independent variable
c. The degree to which extraneous or mediating variables interfere with the study outcomes
d. The degree to which findings are generalizable to populations beyond those studied
ANS: D
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A Internal validity refers to the relationship between the independent variable and the study outcomes.
B Influence of a specific event (historical threat) on the study affects the dependent variable or outcome of the study. Thus it threatens internal validity and, ultimately, external validity.
C Extraneous or mediating variables are threats to internal validity because they may interfere with the treatment (independent variable) effects.
D External validity deals with possible problems of generalizability of the investigation's findings to other populations or environments.
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