What term is used to describe a retrograde flow of urine from the urinary bladder into the ureters that is the cause of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
a. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
b. Vesicourethral reflux
c. Vesicoureteral influx
d. Hydronephrosis
ANS: A
VUR is the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the kidney or ureters, or both.
The condition is ureteral, not urethral. It results in reflux, not influx. Reflux could lead to pyelo-nephritis, not hydronephrosis.
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