Which of the following is a fundamental assumption of tests yet is unfounded?
a. Test results are valid and can be interpreted independently of environmental and subject variables during testing.
b. Test users are objective and typically make accurate clinical predictions.
c. Computer administration of tests decreases bias and thus increases validity.
d. Human characteristics are stable and can be measured independently of the environment.
d
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Dreaming occurs every night in all humans, virtually without exception. What can be inferred from this observation?
A. Dreams represent a pathway to higher consciousness. B. Some people dream early in a night's sleep, whereas others dream just before waking up in the morning. C. Dreams have symbolic meanings that are shared by all of humankind. D. REM sleep occurs every night in all humans, virtually without exception.
According to Bowlby, building on their experiences during the four attachment phases, children ________.
A. learn autonomy and develop self-soothing because they learn that the caregiver cannot be relied upon during times of stress. B. move from secure attachment to insecure attachment and, over time, back again to secure attachment. C. construct enduring and affectionate ties to the caregiver that they can use as a secure base in the parent's absence. D. commonly develop either avoidant or resistant attachment styles before settling into a secure attachment.
In Pavlov's classical conditioning study, the neutral stimulus that was presented to the dog was
A. the meat powder. B. an electric shock. C. the apparatus. D. a bell sound.
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
People forget things that were stored in long-term memory because it is necessary to make room for new information.