Experimental research is conducted to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. Rival explanations or competing hypotheses that might explain the study results indicate that a study has which situation?
1. Threats to internal validity only.
2. Threats to internal and external validity.
3. Threats to external validity only.
4. Limited generalizability of results.
2
Rationale 1: These rival explanations would also have the potential to reduce generalizability of findings, which is a threat to external validity.
Rationale 2: Extraneous variables, or competing explanations for results in experimental studies, are labeled threats to internal and external validity. Limited generalizability of results would result from a threat to external validity.
Rationale 3: Rival explanations or competing hypotheses that might explain study results are a threat to internal validity.
Rationale 4: This limited generalizability is a threat to external validity. This study also has rival explanations or competing hypotheses that might explain study results. This is a threat to internal validity.
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The nurse admits an older man who had abdominal surgery. Admission vital signs are heart rate (pulse) (P), 73 beats per minute (bpm); respiration rate (R), 20 breaths per minute; blood pressure (BP), 136/84 mm Hg
He is receiving intravenous (IV) fluids but has not requested pain medication since surgery. Seven hours later, his vital signs are P, 98 bpm; R, 26 breaths per minute; and BP, 164/90 mm Hg; and he denies pain. Which intervention should the nurse im-plement? a. Administer an opioid medication by IV route. b. Check the surgical dressing for bleeding. c. Report the vital signs to the health care provider. d. Ask if he has about discomfort at the sur-gical site or any other location.
The nurse is concerned that a client is having a problem with self-concept. Which statement by the client supports the nurse's concern?
1. "I never have any fun." 2. "I am the oldest in the family." 3. "I think I'm pretty much outgoing." 4. "At times I like to be alone."
A client is admitted with the following symptoms: visual changes, muscular weakness, and numbness and tingling in the extremities. Based on these findings, the nurse should suspect the client of having which disease?
1. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (AMLS) 2. Multiple sclerosis 3. Guillain-Barré syndrome 4. Myasthenia gravis
A nurse implements the principles of the Personalized Health Care Initiative in practice by:
a. Educating clients that multiple factors influence the development of disease b. Counseling clients about the results of genetic testing c. Lobbying for legislation to support genetic research d. Protecting clients from discrimination based on the results of genetic testing