Early decelerations are caused by:
1. altered fetal cerebral blood flow.
2. umbilical cord compression.
3. uteroplacental insufficiency.
4. spontaneous rupture of membranes.
1
1. Correct. Early decelerations are the fetal response to fetal head compression.
2. Incorrect. Variable decelerations are associated with umbilical cord compression.
3. Incorrect. Late decelerations are associated with uteroplacental insufficiency.
4. Incorrect. Spontaneous rupture of membranes has no bearing on FHR unless the umbilical cord prolapses. This would result in variable or prolonged bradycardia.
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