In contrast to the civilizations discussed in previous chapters, what do the civilizations in China, Nubia, and Celtic Europe have in common? How were they shaped by long-distance trade?
What will be an ideal response?
ANSWER:
Students should recognize from the chapter that although these civilizations were not in contact with each other, they did share common features. First, they all responded to their environmental challenges with distinct organizational and technological patterns. China and Nubia were river-valley civilizations that formed strong central governments and used their resources to construct irrigation channels and dikes. Although the Celts didn't develop a strong state, they lived in fertile lands and were dominated by warrior elites. Students should also discuss the creation of elite classes in these societies as well as technological developments, city building and planning, and spirituality.
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