The nurse is caring for a patient who is receiving parenteral nutrition (PN). The nurse realizes that PN is associated with which of the following risks? (Select all that apply.)
a. Decreased mortality
b. Bloodstream infection
c. Pneumothorax
d. Decreased length of stay
e. Liver disease
B, C, E
Use of PN in the perioperative patient is controversial, and although benefits are more likely in the severely malnourished, evidence has shown little effect of PN in preventing mortality. PN creates risks. It has been associated with catheter-related bloodstream infection, noninfective complications such as pneumothorax, increased hospital length of stay, and liver disease.
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