Why did institutions of higher learning flourish in the Middle Ages?
What will be an ideal response?
Several key factors responsible for the growth of universities include wider exposure to the international realm, greater communication between urban areas, a demand in the secular population for trained and literate personnel who were not members of the clergy, and the reemergence of classical, pre-Christian texts that required a rethinking on the part of the intellectual community. Translations of works such as those by Aristotle brought them into a wider distribution and challenged the previous intellectual goal of monks simply to know a book thoroughly without questioning its content. The reintroduction of works required reconceptualization and led to the emergence of Scholasticism as a way to reconcile faith and philosophy and humans' place in the natural world. The contributions of Muslim, Persian, and Jewish scholars greatly assisted these studies both through translations and commentaries. Urbanization also played a significant role in the growth of universities because centers of learning moved from remote and isolated monasteries to central areas and a secular audience. Universities derived from the church institutions of cathedral schools, or training grounds for clergy, but there was more of a demand for a temporal institution to teach the seven liberal studies, so universities formed throughout Europe with different specialties of study such as law, theology, and medicine.
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The reforms of Akbar included all the following EXCEPT
A) religious toleration for Hindus. B) a syncretic religion, called "divine faith," which stressed loyalty to the emperor. C) a centralized administrative structure with ministers appointed to regional provinces. D) education and basic rights for Indian women. E) the conquest of Gujarat and Bengal.
The term that refers to an arrangement of government that divides power between the state and national governments is ________.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
What sort of Constitutional arrangement was favored by the parliamentarian Presbyterians?
A) a strong, centralized monarchy B) Anglican-style ecclesiastical establishment C) balance of power between King and Parliament D) total religious freedom E) a Calvinist state-controlled Church
What criticism did Olympe de Gouges have of the first revolutionary constitution in France?
A) It did not grant equal rights to women. B) It kept the monarchy, which was useless. C) It took away the rights of the aristocrats. D) It ignored the place of the Catholic Church in France. E) It did not reflect the needs of rural peasants.