What is the difference between substantive and descriptive representation? Provide an example of each type.
What will be an ideal response?
Descriptive representation refers to whether a legislature’s membership reflects the diversity of backgrounds/interests in society. In contrast, substantive representation occurs when legislators consciously act for agents of their constituents even if their personal background is not the same. Examples will vary.
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Primary elections in Texas __________.
A. are required for nominating candidates of any party receiving at least 40 percent of the vote in the preceding presidential election B. require candidates to receive a majority of votes to win C. began being used during Reconstruction as a method to encourage factionalism in the Democratic Party D. are held on July 4 of odd-numbered years
Which of the following is an independent executive agency of the federal government?
A. The National Railroad Passenger Corporation B. The Securities and Exchange Commission C. The Federal Communications Commission D. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration E. The National Labor Relations Board
Research misconduct can include which of the following
a. fabrication b. falsification c. plagiarism d. all of the above
Which model of decision making consists of negotiations between bureaucratic agencies with divergent interests?
A. rational model B. organizational process model C. risk-aversion model D. government bargaining model