Define positive and negative reinforcements, and give one example of each that is related to crime.
What will be an ideal response?
Positive reinforcement is the presentation of a stimulus that increases or maintains a response; the stimulus, or reward, can be either material, like money, or psychological, like pleasure. For example, people steal (a response) because of the rewards-such as the objects or money-that they receive. Negative reinforcement is the removal or reduction of a stimulus whose removal or reduction increases or maintains a response; the stimulus in negative reinforcement is referred to as an aversive stimulus. For example, stealing may be negatively reinforced by removing or reducing the aversive stimuli of the fear and pain of poverty.
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Contrary to advice offered by other writers, Polsky feels that it is very possible to study criminals in their natural environment
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
If a person is arrested and charged with a Part I offense, the UCR records the crime ______.
A. cleared by extraordinary means B. cleared by arrest C. cleared by excessive means D. cleared by exceptional means
Which of the following is typically the FIRST step in the “Comprehensive Gang Program Model”?
a. social intervention b. opportunities provision c. community mobilization d. organizational change and development
Spuriousness is something that scientific theories strive to avoid
a. TRUE b. FALSE