Discuss the progression of Cattell’s fluid and crystalized intelligence theory and how it evolved to the current Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model.
What will be an ideal response?
Raymond Cattell (1963) developed the initial fluid and crystallized intelligence theory. He
suggested that Spearman’s single g factor could be divided into fluid intelligence (gf) and crystalized intelligence (gc). Cattell described gf as an inherited (innate) quality and referred to problem-solving and information-processing ability. Gc was viewed as largely environmental and referred to skills and knowledge acquired over the course of one’s lifetime and based on formal learning and experiences. This knowledge did not decline.
John Horn, a student of Cattell’s, expanded the Gf-Gc model, which led to the development of the Cattell-Horn Gf-Gc Model. It consisted of nine broad abilities including: Crystallized intelligence (Gc), Quantitative knowledge (Gq), Reading/writing (Grw), Fluid intelligence (Gf), Visual-Spatial thinking (Gv), Auditory processing (Ga), Long-term retrieval (Glr), Short-term retrieval (Gsm), and Processing speed (Gs).
John Carroll developed the Three Stratum Theory and based it off of the elements of the g and Gf-Gc models. This included: Stratum III (general level) which was single ability g, Stratum II (broad level) which included eight factors similar to Horn’s , and Stratum I (specific level) which are the skills and abilities depending on second-level stratum to which they are linked.
The Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model integrates Gf-Gc and Carroll’s three stratum theory:
-Stratum III – general ability (g)
-Stratum II – broad factors (9 total)
--Fluid reasoning (Gf)
--Comprehensive-knowledge (Gc)
--Short-term memory (Gsm)
--Visual processing (Gv)
--Auditory processing (Ga)
--Long-term retrieval (Glr)
--Processing speed (Gs)
--Decision/reaction time speed (Gt)
--Reading and writing (Grw)
--Quantitative knowledge (Gq)
-Stratum I – primary cognitive abilities (over 70)
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By the mid 1930's many tests, mostly of intelligence, had become available.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
Fostering ________________ requires instilling in students the attitude that suggests strengths are more powerful than are problems
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
When using scaling questions, it is up to the therapist and the client to identify realistic expectations and to develop specific homework tasks to move the client toward goals
a. True b. False
The testing and assessment process is crucial to accomplishing which of the following tasks?
A. Learning the client’s developmental issues and assessing strengths and weaknesses B. Familiarizing yourself with the client’s view of the world C. Formulating diagnostic impressions and developing a treatment plan D. All of the above