In a nonequivalent control-group design with groups that differ at pretest, if the control group shows a small change while the experimental group shows a marked change over time, you might conclude that
A) there is no effect of the independent variable.
B) there may have been an effect of the independent variable, but it may have been confounded by regression to the mean.
C) the effect is due to instrumentation.
D) the effect is due to demand characteristics of the setting.
Answer: B
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