According to the theory of cognitive dissonance, what do people try to do?
a. Avoid situations in which they would have to make difficult decisions
b. Minimize any conflict between their behavior and their attitudes
c. Carefully evaluate as much evidence as possible before forming an attitude
d. Convince other people to change their attitudes
b
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In a self-modification program, the best way to increase a response is to
a. gather more baseline data when you slip off your program. b. set up punishment. c. select an antecedent. d. arrange the contingencies of behavioral goals and reinforcement.
A group of researchers wanted to determine whether people were more likely to follow directions if the person giving the directions was in uniform. An individual wearing a security guard's uniform gave half the participants parking instructions, and half the participants were given parking instructions by an individual wearing street clothes. The researchers recorded whether the participants
parked in the spot they were directed to. In this study, the independent variable is: a. the parking spot the participant is directed to b. the type of clothing worn by the person giving directions (uniform or street clothes) c. the number of participants who follow the directions d. the gender of the individual providing the directions
Martha has profound mental retardation and is in a wheelchair. Martha attends a fully integrated regular classroom. This approach to mainstreaming is known as
a. a least restrictive environment. c. full inclusion. b. mainstreamed education. d. a resource room.
Which of the following statements regarding school dropouts is NOT true?
A. Approximately one-third of the girls who drop out do so for personal reasons. B. Almost 50 percent of students drop out due to personal problems. C. A positive trajectory towards academic success is related to good parent-adolescent relationships in early adolescence. D. Students from low-income families are more likely to drop out than those from middle-income families.