A patient is coughing and producing a wheezing sound as she breathes; she also has a fever. She goes to the doctor who listens to her chest, takes X-rays of her chest, and determines that she probably has something called croup. Which of the following are the facts in this scenario?
A. The patient is coughing, wheezing, and has a fever.
B. The patient probably has croup.
C. The patient probably has whooping cough.
D. The patient probably needs antibiotics.
Answer: A. The patient is coughing, wheezing, and has a fever.
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Your descendants have fortunately inherited your fascination with rodent genetics
Fifty thousand years after the original volcanic eruption (a vicariance, or vicariant event), your descendants return to the island and repeat the same sampling and DNA sequencing strategy. DNA SEQUENCE TABLE * * * * * * * * * * * * AACGT TCGAT GCCTT AGCCC TGACT ATGGT CAGTA CGTAC TTCGC Above is a sequence of the mtDNA region analyzed. The 12 stars mark the 12 nucleotide sites that vary among the individuals sequenced. Note that most of the nucleotide sites are the same across all individuals sampled. In presenting the sequences of five randomly selected individuals below, we show only the base pairs at each of the 12 variable sites. Initial population, before the volcanic eruption Population A T=0 1. AATGCCGGACGT 2. AAAGGCGGACGT 3. AATGGCGGACGT 4. AATGCCGGTCGT 5. AAAGCCGGACGT T=0 after vicariant event Population A1 Population A2 1. AATGCCGGACGT 1. AATGCCGGACGT 2. AAAGGCGGACGT 2. AAAGGCGGACGT 3. AATGGCGGACGT 3. AATGGCGGACGT 4. AATGCCGGTCGT 4. AATGCCGGTCGT 5. AAAGCCGGACGT 5. AAAGCCGGACGT T = 50,000 years after the vicariant event Two fixed differences between A1 and A2 1. AATGCCGGACGA 1. AATGCCGGCCGT 2. AAAGGCGGACGA 2. AAAGGCGGCCGT 3. AATGGCGGACGA 3. AATGGCGGCCGT 4. AATGCCGGTCGA 4. AATGCCGGCCGT 5. AAAGCCGGACGA 5. AAAGCCGGCCGT T = 100,000 years after the vicariant event Four fixed differences between A1 and A2 1. AATGCCGGACGA 1. AATGGCGGTCGT 2. AAAGCCGGACGA 2. AAAGGCGGTCGT 3. AATGCCGGACGA 3. AATGGCGGTCGT 4. AATGCCGGACGA 4. AATGGCGGTCGT 5. AAAGCCGGACGA 5. AAAGGCGGTCGT ***If you have population sequence data from an actual gene this could also be used to talk about specific mutation patterns in that specific gene. Alternatively you could also supply SNP data over time to help students better understand different types of markers used with many genomic level studies. This decision is up to the instructor. Many don't discuss SNP data in their course, so the example could be used as is. Their data indicate there is no reproductive isolation between members of A1 and A2. Compare the DNA sequences presented above and give the amount of variation expected: ...between two randomly chosen individuals of A2. A. relatively low variation B. moderate variation C. relatively high variation
You've finished your homework, so you settle into your favorite chair to play your video games. "Going into your Skinner box?" your roommate jokes. What does a video game have in common with the traditional Skinner box? (Check all that apply)
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Molecular clocks are usually calibrated based on
A. the date when two species diverged from a common ancestor. B. guesses about the rates of mutations in a particular gene. C. the first shared common ancestor for species known from the fossil record. D. observed rates of mutation in a particular gene. E. comparing the gene to similar genes in other kingdoms.
In the vascular bundles of most dicot stems, primary phloem differentiates toward the ________of the stem, while primary xylem differentiates toward the ________of the stem.
A. middle; outside B. cork cambium; vascular cambium C. outside; middle D. shoot tip; roots E. middle; middle