After a routine urinalysis, you get a report back from the lab. This report flags any abnormal values. For each of the values, indicate whether the test result is normal or abnormal
For any test results that are abnormal, speculate on what might have caused the abnormal value. Tested for: Result: Is this normal or abnormal? If abnormal, what might be causing the problem? Glucose Absent Bacteria Present pH 3.0 Protein Elevated
These are suggested answers. Students sometimes come up with something creative that also makes sense!
Tested for: Result: Is this normal or abnormal? If abnormal, what might be causing the problem?
Glucose Absent Normal
Bacteria Present Abnormal Presence of bacteria could indicate a UTI or contamination of the urine during the collection process.
pH 3.0 Abnormal This pH is too low (pH of urine usually does not drop below about 4.5). Perhaps the patient is suffering from acidosis and the nephrons are trying to remove the excess H+. This could also be the result of kidney failure.
Protein Elevated Abnormal As a general rule, proteins should not be found in the urine. This might indicate damage to the nephrons, specifically to the glomeruli where filtration occurs. The condition of having too much protein in the urine is called proteinuria.
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The human body's arterial blood pH is tightly maintained around 7.4 by buffering agents that bind hydrogen ions to stop any change in pH. If an acid-base imbalance overcomes the buffer system, the body changes the ventilation rate, or the rate at which gas enters or leaves the lungs. Changing the ventilation rate changes the concentration of CO2 in the blood, which alters the pH of the blood. In this case, pH 7.4 is the:
A. homeostatic challenge. B. sensor. C. effector. D. integrator. E. set point.
Increasing the flow of Na+ ions into a neuron at rest (-70 mV initially) would trigger
A. hyperpolarization. B. depolarization. C. repolarization. D. active transport. E. None of the choices are correct.
Liz has two sons and two daughters, and she is heterozygous for hemophilia, an X-linked condition. Which of the following will likely occur?
a. Liz will pass the disease to both sons. b. Liz will pass carrier status to one daughter. c. Both of Liz’s daughters will be hemophiliacs. d. All four of Liz’s children will have carrier status.
For water to be transported to the top of a tall tree, several forces must be at work. From the choices below, which combination of forces explains this sort movement?
a. turgor pressure and evaporation b. water heat capacity and pH c. cohesion and transpiration d. gravity and conductivity