Which of the following is NOT one of Cesare Beccaria's criteria for punishment?
A. Proportionality
B. Swiftness
C. Severity
D. Certainty
Answer: C
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Discuss current research that supports biochemical factors, such as nutrition and environment, as a cause of antisocial behavior.
What will be an ideal response?
According to the text, researchers have shown that differential association and social learning variables are predictive of ______.
a. psychological disorders b. schizophrenia c. sexual deviance d. substance abuse
Which of the following influences whether a defendant will be detained during the pretrial stages or receive charge reductions and leniency in sentencing?
A. Age and offense type B. Race and criminal history C. Offense type and criminal history D. Criminal history and age
The ______ is essentially the object of target of a research project.
A. research question B. unit of analysis C. hypothesis D. none of these