Joey is 6 months old and requires a blood transfusion; his blood type is B. What type of blood may he receive? Is his age a factor in your answer? What would happen if he received a "wrong" blood type? If Joey were younger, is it possible that there is no "wrong" blood type? Why may it surprise a beginning physiology student, familiar with the basics of immunology, that a person could mount an
immediate immune response to transfused blood? Explain all of your answers.
What will be an ideal response?
Joey may receive type B or type O blood. Type O lacks antigens to stimulate an immune response, and type B blood
will not trigger an immune response in a type B person. It is possible that if Joey were newborn, he could receive
any type, because he may not yet have antibodies to foreign blood, however this would not be a reasonable risk to
take. The transfusion of incompatible blood would result in a humoral immune attack on the transfused blood, and
this could be fatal. A beginning student may logically believe that there are no antibodies to blood antigens in the
blood of a person who has never received a transfusion. Antibodies develop in the first few months of life,
however, because of the presence of similar antigens on gut bacteria and food.
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For the following strand of DNA, use the table below to provide: bases for the complementary mRNA and bases for the corresponding tRNA molecules and the associated amino acids. What do you notice about the relationship between the DNA and the anticodons? What do you notice about the genetic code for proline in the peptide? How would the loss of the first G or switching that G to a T affect the
structure and function of this protein?
DNA: GGC CTA CAA GCC GGA ACA GTT ACC GCG TAA CGA
mRNA:
tRNA:
Specific immune responses
a. require helper T cell activation. b. are under control of the adaptive immune system. c. could not occur if the thymus gland did not develop. d. both (a) and (b) above. e. all of these answer.
What is the correct sequence of events at a synapse?
(1) neurotransmitter release/diffusion (2) generation of action potential in the postsynaptic cell axon (3) arrival of nerve impulse at synaptic knob in presynaptic cell (4) removal of neurotransmitter molecules from receptors (5) binding of neurotransmitter to receptors A) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 B) 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 C) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 D) 1, 5, 4, 2, 3 E) 2, 3, 1, 5,
The proteins that B cells produce that attack foreign molecules are
A. interleukins. B. lymphocytes. C. antibodies. D. MHC complexes.