What are the three modes of action research, and identify the key characteristics of each

What will be an ideal response?


The first type is technical/scientific/collaborative mode. In this type of action research, the researcher is apart from the group studied, and the practitioner is a facilitator who communicates information from the researcher to participants. The researcher identifies a problem after learning information from some practitioner involved with the population, and provides information to the practitioner to test a theoretical framework for intervention. The practitioner then communicates with the group studied. The second type is the practical/mutual/collaborative/deliberate mode. In this type of action research the researcher and practitioner work together to identify potential problems and issues. The researcher and practitioner define a research problem jointly after assessing the situation, and reaching a mutual understanding of the problem. Then the practitioner communicates this message to study subjects using personal wisdom of participants, and with the goal of empowering the population. The third mode of action research is emancipating or empowering/enhancing/critical science mode. This type of action research has two goals. The first is to bring together book knowledge, or theory about a problem, with the actual real-world situation, or implementation of the problem. The second goal is to raise the collective consciousness of the practitioner by developing a social critique in which theory and practice come together.

Social Work & Human Services

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