Many researchers draw conclusions about causality with data that are collected at a single point in time. Determining that the cause came before the effect is uncertain with such data. Which of the following circumstances does not allow us to determine that the cause came before the effect?
A. The independent variable is fixed at some point prior to the variation in the dependent variable.
B. Reliability of the variables is established by having different interviewers question the respondent.
C. It can be established that the respondents' retrospective accounts are reliable.
D. The measures are based on records that contain information on cases in earlier time periods.
Answer: B
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