Viral neutralization testing is based on the fact that
A) antibodies can be produced against the toxin of a pathogen.
B) antibodies have different molecular weights.
C) viruses introduced into appropriate cell cultures have a cytopathic effect.
D) the gene for a pathogen's antigen can be isolated and introduced into a host cell by way of a plasmid.
E) antibodies to certain microbes can be given a fluorescent label.
C
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When does the ? subunit dissociate from RNA polymerase?
A. after promoter clearance B. at the termination of transcription C. immediately after promoter binding D. immediately before promoter binding E. not until the enzyme is degraded
What signals the end of germination?
a. cracking of seed coat b. root breaks out of the seed coat c. emergence of shoot d. shoot rises above ground e. cotyledon falls off
Mad cow disease is caused by
a. viruses. b. proteins. c. infectious bacteria. d. parasites. e. fungi.
Complement proteins have all of the following functions EXCEPT to
a. chemically detect the presence of pathogens. b. attract phagocytes. c. form membrane attack complexes. d. work with cytokines to trigger inflammation. e. directly cause inflammation.