Discuss how botulinum toxin can be used beneficially
What will be an ideal response?
The powerful toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum has been put to use as a treatment for alleviating specific movement disorders and fighting wrinkles. During the past several decades, botulinum toxin, marketed in therapeutic doses as Botox, has offered welcome relief to people with painful, disruptive neuromuscular diseases known categorically as dystonias -- spasms that result in involuntary twisting or abnormal postures. Fortunately, injecting minuscule amounts of botulinum toxin into the affected muscle causes a reversible, partial paralysis of the muscle. It turns out that frown lines, crow's feet, and furrowed brows are caused by facial muscles that have become overactivated, or permanently contracted, as a result of years of performing certain repetitive facial expressions. By relaxing these muscles, botulinum toxin temporarily smoothes out these age-related wrinkles.
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The articulating surface of the calcaneus resting on the sustentaculum tali is the ____________________.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
You step on a sharp pin. What pathway does the pain signal follow?
A. Spinothalamic tract; thalamus; cerebral cortex B. Cuneate fasciculus; medulla oblongata; thalamus; cerebral cortex C. Gracile fasciculus; medulla oblongata; cerebral cortex D. Dorsal spinocerebellar tract; cerebellum E. Cerebral cortex; lower motor neuron; ventral horn
Flat cells with tapered ends that are the most abundant resident cells in connective tissue proper are known as ________.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Which of the following is NOT a part of MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)?
A. lymph nodes B. tonsils C. appendix D. Peyer's patches