If a gang member in prison is given solitary confinement for enforcing one of the gang’s goals and not letting prison administrators know details of the gang’s activity, this gang member might get respect from other members of the gang. This gang member gets respect for his behavior, which reinforces his status among his peers. This could best be explained through ______ theory.

a. rational choice
b. labeling
c. strain
d. social learning


d. social learning

Criminal Justice

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______ means that a defendant acted deliberately.

a. Purposely b. Knowingly c. Carelessly d. Intentionally

Criminal Justice

Steps in scientific research methods include all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

a. research question b. data analysis c. pathologizing d. data and data collection methods

Criminal Justice

Which statement is true?

A. Morphine is absorbed into the brain faster than heroin. B. Heroin is absorbed into the brain faster than morphine. C. Heroin and morphine are absorbed equally as fast into the brain. D. Heroin and morphine cannot be absorbed into the brain because neither can pass the blood-brain barrier.

Criminal Justice

Which of the following is true of organized crime?

A. In organized crime, most crime groups exhibit cooperative relationships with other organized crime groups in order to increase diversity in their groups. B. In organized crime, transnational activities require numerous independent groups operating in source, transit, and destination countries. C. In organized crime, drug cartel groups are lawfully forbidden from testing the loyalty of their group members. D. In organized crime, superiors prohibit perpetrators from using legitimate business ventures as a cover and as a way to launder illegal profits.

Criminal Justice