A nurse working in a community pediatric clinic explains the process of toilet training to mothers of toddlers. Which is a recommended guideline for initiating this training?
A) The child should be able to hold urine for four hours.
B) The child should be between 18 and 24 months old.
C) The child should be able to communicate the need to void.
D) The child does not need the desire to gain control of voiding.
Ans: C
Voluntary control of the urethral sphincters occurs between 18 and 24 months of age. However, many other factors are required to achieve conscious control of bladder function, and toilet training usually begins at about 2 to 3 years of age. Toilet training should not begin until the child is able to hold urine for two hours, recognize the feeling of bladder fullness, communicate the need to void, and control urination until seated on the toilet. The child's desire to gain control is also important.
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Within transcultural nursing, sensitivity to social organization is the patient's:
A) use of language and gestures B) definition of health and illnes C) status and expected role in the family D) psychological characteristics and coping mechanisms
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