How does positive-pressure ventilation affect cardiac output?

A. There is no effect on cardiac output because positive-pressure ventilation is the act of normal breathing.
B. It decreases intrathoracic pressure, which facilitates venous return to the heart and increases cardiac output.
C. It causes pressure in the chest to decrease, which increases stroke volume and cardiac output.
D. It increases intrathoracic pressure, which decreases venous return to the heart and causes a decrease in cardiac output.


Answer: D. It increases intrathoracic pressure, which decreases venous return to the heart and causes a decrease in cardiac output.

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