Discuss Title IX and how it has changed access to sports for women and girls
What will be an ideal response?
Feedback: Brought into being by the combined efforts of women's rights activists, parents, athletes, NOW, and others, Congress passed Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972, which declared, "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance." Title IX was resisted vigorously by the male establishment in athletic organizations and schools as being too radical, impractical, and burdensome; enforcement in the early years was sporadic at best. In 1984, the Supreme Court ruled that Title IX did not apply to school athletic programs because they did not receive federal monies directly (even though they did). In 1988, Congress passed the Civil Rights Restoration Act (over President Reagan's veto), which mandated equal opportunity to all programs in any organization receiving federal money. Most significant, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that schools could be sued for financial damages if the schools had intentionally violated Title IX. Progress has been made through lawsuit after lawsuit, many in recent years. The past 40 years have seen dramatic changes in sports opportunities for women and girls. Participation is way up. Public interest in women's sports is growing rapidly. The number of sports for girls and women offered by schools has risen dramatically. Budgets, resources, and facilities are enormously better. Gender equality in sport, however, is still a goal, not a reality.
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