Describe how Freud understood the development of personality.
What will be an ideal response?
Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:
? Freud believed that personality and psychopathology are determined by interactions among the id, ego, and superego.
? He believed that these mostly occur in the unconscious, out of our awareness.
? Unconscious conflicts among the id, ego, and superego cause stresses that the unconscious uses defense mechanisms to regulate via disguise or transformation.
? A person's characteristic defense mechanisms shape her or his behavior and personality.
? When defense mechanisms are used maladaptively, abnormal or pathological behaviors may result.
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Extensive practice at working crossword puzzles improves skill at working those puzzles, but has little effect on other types of memory or problem solving. Apparently the practice increases what?
a. Fluid intelligence b. Crystallized intelligence c. Both fluid and crystallized intelligence d. Neither fluid nor crystallized intelligence
Eight-year-old Julio attends an elementary school where a lot of children are taking Ritalin. After his teacher suggested that his parents take him to a pediatrician for an evaluation, Julio was put on Ritalin. If Julio has a typical response to the drug,
what is likely to happen? a. Julio has a minor improvement in his hyperactivity. b. Julio responds positively to the medication, and his hyperactivity decreases. c. Julio has strong side effects and must be taken off the drug immediately. d. Julio experiences the paradoxical effect, and his behavior actually gets worse.
When variable x affects variable y indirectly through its effect on third variable we say that this third variable ______ the association between x and Y.
a. moderates b. controls c. mediates d. inflates
One of Vygotsky's most famous concepts was the zone of proximal development, which asserts that
there is a certain place in a school where most learning occurs. children can only reach a certain level of intelligence. children can master some tasks with the help of others. certain parts of the brain need to be activated.